Application of Nisin in Food and Pharmaceutical Industries

Fariba Goudarzi^1*, Robab Hassanvad Jamadi¹, Faraham Ahmadzadeh² & Hashem Yaghoubi³

¹Department of Biology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran
²Department of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Management, Environmental Sciences Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Iran
³Department of biology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran

*Correspondence to: Fariba Goudarzi, Department of Biology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Iran.

Copyright © 2018 Fariba Goudarzi, et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction
Bacteriocins are ribosomal peptides that produced by lactic acid bacteria; these peptides, with antimicrobial activity, are acid and heat resistance and easy to digest. According to the Kaiser and Montville theory, bacteriocins should have two properties: 1) Protein nature. 2) non-cytotoxic on cells that produce them [1]. Lantibiotics are a class of bacteriosins that are small and heat-resistant peptides and they have lantinone and methyl lanthanide amino acids in their structures. A subgroup of lantibiotics is an elongated, flexible, and positively charged peptide that creat pores in the membrane of target bacterial species, such as nisin [2]. Nisin have 34 amino acids {C₁₄₃ H₂₃₀ N₄₂ O₃} (Fig. 1); it has amphipathic structure with +4 charge, the N-terminal of this peptide is more hydrophobic than the C-terminal and produced by Lactococcus lactis bacteria; Nisin have antimicrobial activity against a wide range of gram-positive bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes and spore-producing bacteria such as Clostridium and Bacillus. Nisin creating pores in the membrane of bacteria and breaking the ionic gradient and result the death of the bacterial cell [3, 4], in addition it is preventing the cellular biosynthesis [5]. Because of the non-toxicity of this peptide, in 1969, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) and WHO (World Health Organization) allowed it to be used as a food preservative [6]. Many studies have been done on nisin in the pharmaceutical and food industries [7, 8, 9, 10]. In this study, we have evaluated the anticancer (in the pharmaceutical industry) and antibacterial (in the food industry) effects of nisin.

Methods
There are various methods for collecting information that is often used in one or more methods for collecting statistics and information based on the type and desires of scientific research. In general, data collection methods are divided into two categories: library method and field method. In this research, both field and library methods have been used to collect information. The research literature was compiled by a library method and studied books, articles and searches on valid scientific websites. In this research, for analyzing the data obtained from the samples, both descriptive statistics and inferential statistics methods have been used. SPSS and PLS software were used to perform these analyzes (6). In the descriptive section of the demographic information operations, individuals will be sampled using the SPSS software process. Also, tables and graphs containing mean, frequency, etc. will be used in this section. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) has been used in the inferential part by using PLS software.

Result and discussion
The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of social capital on strategic performance with respect to the moderating role of technological uncertainty. As previously mentioned, all dimensions of social capital (capital, structural, and structural) affect the strategic performance, but the technological uncertainty in these relations has no moderating role and failed to increase the impact of social capital dimensions on The strategic performance will be effective. Now, according to the results, the present research proposals are presented.

Output results obtained from SMART PLC 2 software are presented in the following table1

The increase of Cronbach’s alpha and combined reliability of the main research structures of 0.7, confirms the reliability of the model’s proper index.

Table 2.Average results of variance extracted variables for converging validity

The values for the Average(AVE) of each structure are shown in Table 2. As you can see from this table, all AVE values are more than 0.4%, which confirms the suitability of the model’s consistent convergence.

Discussion
Given the relationship between social capital and strategic performance, active companies in the pharmaceutical industry will pay great attention to improving the strategic performance of social capital and its dimensions (capitalism, relational capital and structural capital); Use social capital indicators to evaluate strategic performance and, by forming professional groups and associations in organizations, increase social capital in organizations. With regard to the relationship between capital and strategic performance, it is suggested that corporate values be promoted in the organizations and that staff be moved towards common goals. Also, all employees must be in the process of developing organizational norms and standards, and work towards increasing the number of employees with each other in order to improve the strategic performance of the organization. Regarding the relationship between relationship capital and strategic performance, it is suggested that in organizations, relationships should be structured in such a way that relationships based on cooperation and mutual trust are formed and cooperation is considered as an essential principle for employees. Also, by forming teams in the organization, the field of cooperation of the team of staff, the increase in criticism in the organization and the background of the commitment of more employees to the organization.

Conclusion
All dimensions of social capital (capital, cognitive, and structural) affect the strategic performance, but the technological uncertainty in these relationships has not a moderating role and could not be effective in increasing the impact of social capital dimensions on strategic performance. Companies active in the pharmaceutical industry will pay much attention to improving the strategic performance of social capital and its dimensions (capitalism, relational capital and structural capital), and to use social capital indicators to evaluate strategic performance, and by forming groups and associations Professional and specialized organizations increase social capital in organizations.

Acknowledgment
This research was supported by Tamin Pharmaceutical Investment Company. We thank our colleagues from Department of Strategic and also Dr. Saleh Rahimi who provided insight and expertise that greatly assisted the research.

Bibliography

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