Office Building Safety and Health: From the Perspective of Prevention, Education and Building Safety

Maryam Miryousefi Aval

Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran, Zip Code: 48175-16548, P.O.Box: 48471-1553, E-mail: Onemmblue@Gmail.com, Sari, Iran

*Correspondence to: Maryam Miryousefi Aval, Department of Occupational Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.

Copyright © 2019 Maryam Miryousefi Aval. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

Introduction
In recent years, experts have come to the conclusion that development and development are valuable in development projects that do not have health, safety or environmental hazards. In this regard, environmental issues at the international level such as the Rio de Janeiro Conference were considered by experts and politicians. In Iran, like other countries in the world, the issue of environmental protection and its compliance with the first program of economic, social and cultural development of the Islamic Republic has begun and expanded in the future [1,2].

In this regard, new perspectives are being introduced that will bring about dramatic changes at various levels of planning, processes and specialized sectors such as civil, industrial and educational sectors. The training of engineers in this regard can play a very important role in refining the attitudes of young engineers and using these bases in their specialized activities. One of the important tasks of universities is to provide a suitable platform for such training. In this regard, it is essential that the major industrial universities of the country develop various programs in this field [3,4].

The HSE management system is a management tool for controlling and improving health, safety, environmental and quality issues. This management system, by simultaneously examining the three factors, provides a good basis for the establishment and implementation of environmental management standards (ISO14000), Occupational Safety and Health Management (OHSAS18001) standards. According to researches carried out in this field, attention to the principles of occupational safety and health and observance of these principles has played a major role in reducing the economic losses of industrial units. Because with the reduction of accidents, the possibility of damage to the equipment and the loss of financial losses and the reduction of personal injury will occur. The incidence of any incident even includes very small losses that are classified as either direct or indirect losses or indirect or hidden losses [5-7].

Safety History: Before the age of the car, industrial hazards did not exist today, and after the industrial revolution, machining and increasing risks led to the emergence of an accident prevention movement.

History of Occupational Health: For the first time in the United Kingdom, reference was made to occupational health and diseases caused by industries and guidelines for industry workers. France is currently in the lead in terms of industrial hygiene regulations.

Environmental History: Following the 1992 conference in Rio, the vision of sustainable development in the environment took on a wider dimension and redefined old perspectives and perspectives in all sectors.

Environment: Soil contamination, water pollution and air pollution.

After the inspections carried out in various construction projects, due to the diversity of work and the various stages of its implementation, some conflicts were found in the various sections of safety, health and environment in general, which are common to most projects, and below We will talk about it.

Training: Observing safety and the overall HSE requirements at the level of projects, whether developed or industrialized by a culture, and until a person reaches cultural growth, it will be very difficult to achieve this goal. For a culture-oriented culture, first, education should be included in the programs, and then this culture is injected into different classes in the form of beliefs and principles. Given the importance of training in the HSE culture, it is necessary to provide training at the level of project managers, workshop supervisors and HSE project managers. After training key personnel and realizing the organization’s goals for creating a HSE culture at senior management levels, training all staff can also be done after these individuals at the project level. By publishing educational pamphlets in the form of instructions, checklist, videos and educational clips, the HSE position is strengthened and, ultimately, by monitoring the supervisors, it can be institutionalized [8-10].

In this research, development projects were considered, which included the construction of tunnels, highways, bridges and underpasses. There are various activities in terms of safety, health and environment in these projects that are mentioned below:

Safety in the Building
The commencement of construction work will be carried out only after the construction permit is issued, which includes installing and installing structural members, concrete structures and other measures, as detailed in the 12^th National Building Code [11]. Meanwhile, the owner, owners and stakeholders as well as contractors and mass makers are required to take the following actions in order to maintain and ensure public safety:

1. All natural or legal persons shall be responsible for the implementation of the safety regulations and the protection of the incident during the conduct of the work or operation.

2. The owner or operator or contractor shall provide and provide the necessary equipment and equipment to protect the health and safety of the workers at the workplace, and shall monitor the use of the equipment and observance of the regulations.

3. In the event of an accident or collapse of a building under construction or being demolished, the owner is obliged to stop work immediately, to take workers away from work and to deal with the risk.

4. Blocking or limiting sidewalks, public passages and other public facilities for the storage of materials or construction operations, subject to the following:

(A) Equipment, materials and construction materials should be placed in such a place that there were no accidents for pedestrians, vehicles, public facilities or adjacent buildings. Necklaces should also be identified with brilliant signs and red lights.

(B) In cases where the scaffolds are located in public passages, it is necessary to prevent the displacement and movement of its foundations by means of effective means.

(C) When following a construction activity hazardous to the movement of pedestrians or vehicles in doubt, the following shall be complied with:

1- The placement of one or more guards with a warning sign
2- Installation of flashing lights or shadow marks
3- Installing informative signs and track control devices
4- Creating Enclosure Protective Structures

(D) On drill rigs on public roads, a temporary bridge of pedestrian crossings must be created with necessary resistance and, if drilling on the street, it should be temporarily created to provide sufficient resistance to vehicle traffic.

(E) All cliffs in the construction workshop, the surrounding area and public areas where there is a risk of falling people should be covered by the final enclosure or the installation of permanent and main protections and fences by means of protective coatings or fences Tightly fitted and temporarily protected. Also, if there is a risk of the fall and falling of the tool of work or building materials, then proper installation of the foot should be done.

And (ii) excessive safety loads on any skeleton, wood scaffold, shield, fencing, temporary covering, overhead cisterns, passageways and the like are not permitted.

Stair Safety

1. All stairs - platforms - and heaps must have sufficient strength and bear the pressure and heavy loads of ordinary loads.
2. Stairs and platforms made of latticework, the dimensions of its springs should not exceed 25mm, so that various objects cannot fall.
3. The width of the stairs, with the exception of service and relief stairs should not be less than 90cm in any case.
4. The difference between the two peaks should never exceed 3.7m.
5. The propulsion units located at stairways must have an area of about 1.10m in the stairs or more in proportion to the stairs.
6. Throughout the steps, a free vertical distance at the height of the human should be taken into account. This distance must not be less than 2.20m from the level of each step along the stairs wall.
7. Except service or relief staircases, the width of each step without computing its margin or bulge should not be less than 33cm and the height of the stairs is between 14 and 20cm.
8. All stairs should be protected from the abyss by stairway fences.
9. Stairs that are more than 25/2m in width must be equipped in addition to the fences with a central fence.
10. The height of the stair rail fences from the edge of each step should not be less than 75 centimeters and if these fences are used as hand fences, its height should not exceed 85 centimeters.
11. Entry of windows that open in stairs, if they are more than 30 centimeters wide and the distance to the surface of the parcel is less than 90 centimeters, must be protected by fencing.
12. The maximum allowed gradient for (steep corridors) is 10 degrees. These ramps must be in line with all the conditions for stairs, in terms of building, width and fence, and so on [12,13].

Safety Responsibility for Construction Work
1. In each building workshop, the employer is required to take the necessary measures to maintain and ensure public safety.

2. Each employer is responsible for providing and providing adequate lighting in public spaces, providing fences and vaults, and installing them around open ceilings and open walls and open spaces, providing and installing fencing and protection around stairs and potholes, creating safe entry for a workshop. And workplaces, providing firefighting equipment, providing safe drinking water and providing health services, providing personal protective equipment and initial assistance, and, in general, providing and securing public safety conditions within the workshop.

3. Every worker must provide and maintain the necessary tools and equipment for carrying out construction work by the workers, in accordance with the material of this section, in order to provide workers with the necessary time and provide them with the necessary training. Use those devices correctly [14].

4. Construction operations must be planned and implemented in such a way that the potential risks arising from it, inside or outside the workplace, can be prevented as soon as possible. In the event of a risk of life, the employer is obligated to immediately stop work and remove workers from the location of the incident. The employer must ensure that any work-related incident occurs during normal or daily work hours at the workshop as soon as possible and before the related signs and symptoms have been eliminated to the relevant units in the Ministry of Health and Social Work Notify the location.

Safety to the Floor, Roof and Walls of the Building
1. All permanent and temporary buildings and institutions subject to the provisions of the Labor Law must be fully constructed from a structural point of view, and the following points should be Considered in calculating the base, ceiling and floors:

A. Tolerance of the pressure due to the maximum loads and fixed and moving objects.
B. Pressure from snow, rain, frost, wind and storm.
C. Bearing pressure from suspended loads.

Work Space
1. Rooms and permanent work space must be at least 3 meters from the floor to the height of the roof and its space must not be greater than 12 meters for each person for the maximum number of people working there. In calculating space cubic meter, the volume occupied for furniture, machinery, materials and supplies is not deductible. In buildings where the height of each floor exceeds 4m from the work space, it is calculated and calculated to only 3 meters in height [15,16].
2. In the workshop room, the installation of machinery or the placement of objects and products should not interfere with the transit or work of workers. Approximately enough space must be provided around each device so that workers can easily go about normal tasks and, if necessary, make corrections and repairs of materials or materials.

Safety of the Floor of the Building (Flooring)

1. The floor of the rooms and areas which have been assigned to the workers’ passage or for the transport of materials shall be smooth and shallow, free of holes and holes, wood chips, buckling due to inadequate hinges, nails and screws, and nuts and tubes A gate or a bulge, and any obstacles that may cause the person to catch or slip [17,18].
2. The floor of the rooms and corridors and sidewalks shall not be slippery under normal conditions, nor shall it be made of materials or made of materials that could lead to dust, dust, and slipping, resulting in slippage.
3. In the workplace and in the places where multiple devices are located, they must be specified by a specific color on both sides of the main road and the subways, and even the location of the raw materials and materials produced by these lines is determined until the commute, Transportation of materials and also the direction of the main movement with the marking on the ground is clear and clear.
4. Floor workshops should be washable. In cases where the type of work leads to the discharge of water in the workshop, there should be a sufficient slope to direct the water towards the drainage channel.
5. Workshops should always have favorable conditions for ventilation and provide a healthy climate for workers.

Material and Methods
Collect and summarize information from databases PubMed and Google Scholar. Articles research and review using MeSH pattern from: Safety for Buildings, HSE, OHSA, ISO and WHO. Also, according to the standard safety checklist, the necessary information was collected.

Technical Safety for Buildings, Plants and Installations
The aim of our vast building safety services is to improve the overall safety and efficiency of your buildings and the systems and products you operate within them. Our highly qualified engineers, technicians and expert witnesses perform all manner of testing, assessment and evaluation of industrial systems and equipment against the background of a wide variety of requirements. Naturally our engineering services adhere to all technical and legal regulations, however, we also place great importance on maintaining the standards agreed with contractors without losing sight of cost-efficiency. Whether initial acceptance inspections, repeat testing of technical systems or a safety concept for the facilities: DMT ensures the necessary safety in a wide range of fields [19,20].

As an organization of the TÜV NORD GROUP, we carry out independent tests for a variety of industries and advise our customers on product safety, building safety and plant safety, for example in the fields of:

- Building maintenance
- Fire and explosion protection
- Air and water hygiene
- Ventilation, refrigeration and air conditioning technology
- Air quality

Concrete Testing and Building Maintenance
Benefit from transparent, competent advice and save high long-term repair costs: Damage caused by ageing and wear on concrete structures cannot be completely avoided. With our condition assessments and preventive maintenance inspections, however, you can prevent unplanned plant downtimes and safety defects in good time [21].The early recognition of maintenance requirements can save you cost-intensive repair bills further down the line. With our surveys you can also ensure that operating licences are obtained and an exact budget plan is drawn up: our independent specialists check the structural condition of your building visually, metro logically and by way of sampling and make recommendations for maintenance or repair. You will receive our expert opinions and recommendations in accordance with the applicable standards and regulations. We are certified by the German Association of Material Testing Institutes (VMPA) as a recognized concrete testing center for the determination of compressive strength, flexural strength and water impermeability, on moulded test specimens, and compressive strength on drill cores [22].

Our Services at a Glance

• Investigations on fresh and hardened concrete in plants, on construction sites or in the laboratory, analysis and interpretation of the results from a single source
• Assessment of the condition of existing buildings and engineering structures according to DIN 1076
• Manual inspection: concrete condition, concrete corrosion, reinforcement corrosion, joint condition, joint sealants
• Core drilling and non-destructive testing methods
• Testing of aggregate, cements, mortars and screeds
• Concrete chemical investigations
• Assessment of water and soils aggressive to concrete
• Concrete tests: cracks, reinforcement corrosion, white tank
• Testing the compressive strength and water permeability of concrete test specimens
• Advising the company and the construction sites on concrete selection and processing
• Performance of suitability tests, quality and hardening tests
• Evaluation of concrete tests
• Inspection of the equipment of the construction sites and specialist training

Safety Inspection Checklist

Building Name/Location: _______________________________               Date: ___________________

Inspected by: ___________________________         Building Manager: _____________________

Findings
Compliance with these requirements is required in all construction work that is to be cut and welded. Hot and flammable materials. Safety in construction in all places where there is a danger of fire, smoking is prohibited, and the symbol for “hazardousness” Do not smoke “in these places. The burning of any kind of rubbish, scrap and other combustible materials and the like is prohibited unless authorized by the competent authorities. The collection and storage of oil, grease, oilseed rags and oil-contaminated rubbish and oil products, etc., are not permitted on or in the vicinity of construction equipment [23].

All permanent or temporary immersion heaters must be properly installed, so that the walls and wooden parts are less than one meter away, and the carvings and the like are not less than 3 meters apart. Combustible liquids and the like before refueling, the engine must be turned off and the fuel cannot be thrown out of the exhaust and the engine’s hot part.

All liquids with a flare point below 7ºC should not be stored on the surface of the earth unless they are limited to containers or reservoirs. The exhaust and fuel tanks shall not be emptied of where the storage or disposal of the tanks on the engine, exhaust, switchgear and all electric and battery, or other sources of sparking, are spilled. Where flammable liquid vapor is present, spark plugs, such as cigarettes, cabinets, gas, lights and other appliances should not be used [24].

Temporary Heaters
As long as there is temporary use of heater or any open air heater at work: all relevant regulations and regulations, such as maximum temperature, heating distance to combustible material, exhaust gases, as well as other items declared by the competent authorities is adhered. When using temporary heating elements, adequate ventilation should be provided. The temporary heating device during use should be placed securely on the floor so that there is no possibility of overturning. In addition, suitable fire extinguishing appliances should be in place. The place is available. When using liquid gas for heating temporary work areas, the gas tank should be placed outside the building and in the open space. Cooking bitumen and asphalt of barrels and boilers for cooking bitumen and asphalt during use should be tight in place, so that during work there is no danger to people. Barrels and boilers for bitumen and asphalt should be placed outside the building and outdoors, placing them in public passports without the permission of the official building of the building is not allowed.

When working with boilers for bitumen and asphalt, appropriate firefighting equipment must be available. Containers containing hot bitumen should not be stored in the enclosure, unless part of the enclosure is open and ventilation is performed completely and sufficiently. Workers engaged in cooking bitumen and asphalt should be equipped with gloves and forearm protection. The lifting of asphalt or hot bitumen by the worker from the ladder is prohibited [25].

Boilers
All boilers that are used temporarily or permanently must be installed and installed by competent persons and subject to the provisions of the heating and cooling installation.

Gas and Electricity Cutting and Welding
Before starting welding or cutting operations, all pressure and flow control devices and the like should be monitored. Protective equipment, such as masks, shields and liches, should be used to protect spark, radiation and other combustible materials. If the cutting and welding operation is in the vicinity of the flammable material, an auxiliary person must be present at the same place while providing adequate firefighting equipment. When welded on metals that cover tin, zinc and the like, it is necessary that the smoke from the welding is quickly directed away from the workplace. In order to prevent the risk of explosion of oxygen gas cylinders, the valves and fittings should be kept away from oil and grease and workers should refrain from handling oxygen gas cylinders and joints with oil or lubricants contaminated by hand [26].

Care and Maintenance of Pressurized Gas Cylinders
The valves of these cylinders must be opened with a hand and without the use of a hammer and a wrench, and if necessary, use special wrenches. Cylinders that are not in use should be placed in an open space outside the building to protect against direct sunlight or high temperatures as well as impact. The cylinders should not be thrown from any height. In addition, it is necessary to use special coils to raise and lower them. The gas cylinders must be spaced sufficiently from the place of welding and cutting, so as not to spark, bridle, or flame.

Concrete Molds
Until deformable concrete blocks from the building being built are not to be stored, there should not be any combustible materials. Storage of flammable materials: Storage of combustible materials, oils, paints and other flammable materials must be carried out in compliance with the fire protection regulations (Section III of the National Building Regulations of Iran).

Combustible waste and garbage: Combustible waste and rubbish should be collected in appropriate place and taken out of work in the newspaper to the authorized place. The burning of waste and rubbish at the site of the construction workshop is not permitted.

Power Lines
A: In order to prevent the risk of electric shock and to increase the level of safety of individuals and reduce the physiological and human waste and protect public facilities, the rules and regulations for the transmission and distribution of power lines for all construction operations must be observed. All temporary and permanent wiring and installation of electrical equipment should be carried out in accordance with the provisions of the design and implementation of electrical installations of buildings. Prior to digging, measures should be taken to protect and isolate high-pressure lines. High-pressure lines are all lines containing electricity at 0001 or higher.

T: In places where strong pressure lines exist, the repair and installation of electric and wiring equipment and equipment for temporary use is not permitted unless the power supply is interrupted or the operation above is in excess of the provisions of paragraphs 1-2-2.9. From 3 meters of lines and devices with high voltage current [27].

Fire Extinguishing Equipment and Equipment
Buckets of water and fire extinguishers and other portable fire extinguishers must be installed and ready for use in different parts of the workshop.

B: When fire pipes and gates are to be used as part of permanent building facilities, it is necessary, with the supervision of the competent authorities, to be installed and ready to be used, the distance between these pipes and lions to the street must always be located within two meters of the valves No blasting (fire extinguishing valve) or the distance between the lions above and the street should not cause any building material or waste.

First Aid
In all construction workshops, the means of first aid and training of people in that field should be provided in terms of type of work and in proportion to the number of workers, and the necessary steps should be taken to transfer the damaged workers or workers who suffer from sudden illness into medical centers.

First Aid Box
The first aid kit that has the necessary equipment declared by the relevant authorities should be installed in the right place and kept free of any contamination and dust and always available to the workers [28].

Discussion

The basis of safety can be expressed in this important statement:

With regard to the issues discussed in the results section, it seems that in order to carry out work on development projects, according to HSE principles, it is necessary to consider some cases as a basis for observance of these principles. These include:

1. Culture: To ensure that the principles of HSE, in addition to preserving the life and natural resources, contribute to social development and development. These projects also require culture-building through various educational, written, spoken, visual and other methods.

2. Time: The implementation of HSE principles in various construction, industrial and other projects requires time, because any change that is considered in the system requires a change of attitude, which in turn requires time to accept and adapt to the conditions. New is. The conditions for the projects in this research are their current conditions, and the next research, after a while, can determine the percentage of project progress in terms of HSE.

3. Cost: Everything requires cost, and the higher the cost is, so it is guaranteed to work with high quality. Since the cost of complying with the principles of HSE has generally been seen so far, so it cannot be expected that all items will be done in a specific way. If the cost of the HSE is also considered at the beginning of the project, it can be expected that the items will be taken in principle.

4. Training: In order to follow the principle of HSE cases, there is a need for training. These trainings should be executed at different levels and levels of contracting and monitoring so that the level of awareness of the risks involved in the development of civil operations between the personnel reaches a common frontier.

Conclusion
In order to comply with the principle of HSE cases, there is a need for training. These trainings should be executed at different levels and levels of contracting and monitoring so that the level of awareness of the risks involved in the development of civil operations between the personnel reaches a common frontier.

Acknowledgment
We would like to express our special thanks to Dr. Rajendran for guidance on different areas of this paper.

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