The Crucial Factors to Producing the Compatible Viral Vaccines for Individuals

Tirasak Pasharawipas

Faculty of Medical Technology, Rangsit University, Thailand

Dr. Tirasak Pasharawipas, Faculty of Medical Technology, Rangsit University, Thailand.

Keywords: Viral Vaccine; MHC Alleles; Antigen-Presenting Cell; Helper T Cell; Antibody

Abstract

Subunit viral vaccine becomes the major choice for manufacturing viral vaccine with a thought of safety reason to prevent side effects in addition to the convenient way of production. However, the success to use subunit viral vaccine to prevent a particular viral infection is very limited. This is different from the time when the Cowpox virus was originally used for vaccination to prevent the smallpox viral epidemic over a century ago. Although the knowledge of immunity has been discovered a lot more than Edward Jenner’s period, the effectiveness of most of the viral vaccines could not reach our accomplishment. In view of this, we need to revise our knowledge on the best technology for viral vaccine production. Basically, to induce immunity to prevent a viral infection, our body must produce a specific antibody which needs induction not only by a particular viral antigen but also the molecules called major histocompatibility complex (MHC). Each molecule of MHC alleles plays a key role in the immune response by forming a specific complex with its appropriate epitope to induce a specific T cell clone through its specific receptor. MHC class I is required for inducing cytotoxic T cell while MHC class II is for helper T cell. Helper T cell plays a key role to induce an effective stage of acquired immunity especially a specific antibody which is believed to be a gearwheel to prevent an invasion of the particular viral particle. To produce the viral- specific antibody, class II MHC plays a key role to induce helper T cell and then B cell to synthesize a specific antibody. Since the MHC gene alleles are highly polymorphic so the possibility that individuals have the same gene alleles would be seldom. Accordingly, a subunit viral vaccine, which contains a limit number of epitopes, would reduce a capacity of an antigen presenting cell, such as a dendritic cell, to process some epitopes to induce the particular helper T cell clones. Subsequently, the corresponding B cell clones cannot synthesize the specific antibody to neutralize the particular infectious viral particle. Accordingly, an alternative notion and principle to develop a viral vaccine for an individual human population will be discussed in this article.

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